Ships help you expand your empire by colonisation, invasion, spying and battle.
Hulls: hold all your items
Generators: power your ships
Engines: move your ship within a star system
Scanners: help you investigate the contents of alien ships
Shields: protect your ships from enemy weapons
Weapons: allow you to destoy ships and orbital structures
Specials: starlane drives, colonizers, invaders and various devices.
Overview: Shields vs. Weapons: see how effective your weapons and shields are